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HISTOPATHOLOGY & CYTOPATHOLOGY

Histopathology and cytopathology are two branches of pathology that play complementary roles in the diagnosis and understanding of diseases. While histopathology focuses on the examination of tissue samples, cytopathology deals with the study of individual cells. Together, they provide valuable insights into the nature, extent, and progression of various diseases, including cancer.

MICROBIOLOGY

Microbiology is the branch of biology that deals with the study of microorganisms, which include bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and microscopic algae. These microorganisms are found in diverse environments, including soil, water, air, and within living organisms. Microbiology encompasses a wide range of disciplines and applications, playing a crucial role in various fields such as medicine, agriculture, industry, and environmental science.

HAEMATOLOGY

Hematology is a medical specialty that focuses on the study of blood and blood-related disorders. It involves the examination of blood cells, the bone marrow, and the organs involved in blood production and function, such as the spleen and lymph nodes.

Hematologists use various laboratory tests and techniques to evaluate blood samples and identify abnormalities. They examine the size, shape, and number of blood cells to detect conditions like anemia (low red blood cell count), leukocytosis (high white blood cell count), or thrombocytopenia (low platelet count). Additionally, they analyze the composition of blood, such as hemoglobin levels, to assess overall blood health.

BIOCHEMISTRY AND IMMUNOASSAY

Biochemistry and immunassay are two closely related fields in the field of biomedical science that play crucial roles in diagnostics, research, and clinical practice.

Biochemistry involves the study of the chemical processes and substances that occur within living organisms. It focuses on understanding the structure, function, and interactions of biomolecules such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids. Biochemical analysis provides insights into various aspects of cellular function, metabolism, and disease mechanisms. It involves techniques such as spectrophotometry, chromatography, electrophoresis, and enzyme assays to study the properties and activities of biomolecules.

CLINICAL PATHOLOGY

Clinical pathology, also known as laboratory medicine or clinical laboratory science, is a branch of pathology that focuses on the analysis and interpretation of medical laboratory tests to aid in the diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring of diseases. It involves the study of body fluids, tissues, and cells to provide valuable information about a patient's health status.

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Molecular biology is a branch of biology that focuses on the study of biological processes at the molecular level, particularly the structure, function, and interactions of biomolecules within cells. It combines principles and techniques from genetics, biochemistry, and biophysics to understand how genetic information is encoded, replicated, transcribed, and translated to produce proteins and other cellular components.

SEROLOGY

Serology is a branch of laboratory medicine that focuses on the study of blood serum and the detection and measurement of antibodies and other immune system components in the bloodstream. It plays a crucial role in the diagnosis, monitoring, and research of various infectious diseases and autoimmune disorders.

serology is to detect and measure specific antibodies produced by the immune system in response to an infection or immunization. These antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins, are proteins that recognize and bind to specific foreign substances, such as viruses, bacteria, or other antigens.

HISTOPATHOLOGY

Histopathology is a branch of pathology that focuses on the microscopic examination of tissues to diagnose diseases. It involves the analysis of tissue samples obtained through biopsies, surgical resections, or autopsies. Histopathological examination plays a crucial role in understanding the nature, progression, and characteristics of diseases, aiding in patient diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment planning.

The process of histopathology begins with the collection of tissue samples, which are then processed and embedded in paraffin wax. Thin sections of the tissue are cut using a microtome and mounted on glass slides. These sections are stained using various dyes, most commonly the hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stain, which provides contrast and highlights different cellular components.

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